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Historians since the late 20th century have debated how women shared in the French Revolution and what long-term impact it had on French women. Women had no political rights in pre-Revolutionary France; they were considered "passive" citizens; forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them. That changed dramatically in theory as there seemingly were great advances in feminism. Feminism emerged in Paris as part of a broad demand for social and political reform. The women demanded equality to men and then moved on to a demand for the end of male domination. Their chief vehicle for agitation were pamphlets and women's clubs, especially the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women. However the Jacobin (radical) element in power abolished all the women's clubs in October 1793 and arrested their leaders. The movement was crushed. Devance explains the decision in terms of the emphasis on masculinity in wartime, Marie Antoinette's bad reputation for feminine interference in state affairs, and traditional male supremacy.〔Louis Devance, "Le Féminisme pendant la Révolution Française," ''Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française'' (1977) 49#3 pp 341-376〕 A decade later the Napoleonic Code confirmed and perpetuated women's second-class status.〔Jane Abray, "Feminism in the French Revolution," ''American Historical Review'' (1975) 80#1 pp. 43-62 (in JSTOR )〕 ==Traditional roles== Women had no political rights in pre-Revolutionary France; they could not vote or hold any political office. They were considered "passive" citizens; forced to rely on men to determine what was best for them in the government. It was the men who defined these categories, and women were forced to accept male domination in the political sphere.〔Scott "Only Paradoxes to Offer" 34–35〕 Women were taught to be committed to their husbands and "all his interests... (show ) attention and care... () sincere and discreet zeal for his salvation." A woman’s education often consisted of learning to be a good wife and mother; as a result women were not supposed to be involved in the political sphere, as the limit of their influence was the raising of future citizens.〔Marquise de Maintenon, "Writings" 321〕 The subservient role of women prior to the revolution was perhaps best exemplified by the Frederician Code, published in 1750 and attacked by Enlightenment philosophers and publications. The highly influential ''Encyclopédie'' in the 1750s set the tone of the Enlightenment, and its ideas exerted influence on the subsequent Revolution in France. Writing a number of articles on women in society, Louis de Jaucourt criticized traditional roles for women, arguing that "it would be difficult to demonstrate that the husband's rule comes from nature, in as much as this principle is contrary to natural human equality... a man does not invariably have more strength of body, of wisdom, of mind or of conduct than a woman... The example of England and Russia shows clearly that women can succeed equally in both moderate and despotic government..."〔 One of greatest influences foreshadowing the revolutionary and republican transformations in women's roles was Jean-Jacques Rousseau's educational treatise ''Emile'' (1762).〔Joan Landes, ''Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution'' (1988)〕 Some liberal men advocated equal rights for women including women's suffrage. Nicolas de Condorcet was especially noted for his advocacy, in his articles published in the ''Journal de la Société de 1789'', and by publishing ''De l'admission des femmes au droit de cité'' (("For the Admission to the Rights of Citizenship For Women") ) in 1790.〔David Williams,"Condorcet, Feminism, and the Egalitarian Principle." ''Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture'' 5 (1976): 151+.〕〔Barbara Brookes, "The feminism of Condorcet and Sophie de Grouchy." ''Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century'' 189 (1980): 314+〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Women in the French Revolution」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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